NEW PRESSURE COOKING TECHNIQUE CONVERTS ALGAE TO CHEAP BIOFUEL

Making biofuel from algae is usually a long tedious process, but researchers have now discovered that pressure cooking the algae not only reduces the time required to process the fuel but also increases the total output…

Scientists from the University of Michigan are working to improve this procedure in an effort to speed up development of affordable biofuels that could replace fossil fuels and power today’s engines.

They are also examining the possibility of other new fuel sources such as E coli bacteria that would feed on waste products from previous bio-oil batches.

“The vision is that nothing would leave the refinery except oil. Everything would get reused. It’s an integrated process. We’re combining hydrothermal, catalytic and biological approaches,” said Phillip Savage, a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the university.

“This research could play a major role in the transition toward reduced carbon dioxide emissions from the energy sector,” Savage said.

Microalgae are microscopic species of algae: simple, floating plants that don’t have leaves, roots or stems. They break down more easily than other potential biofuel source plants because they don’t have tough cell walls, Savage said.

Unlike fossil fuels, algae-based biofuels are carbon-neutral. The algae feed on carbon dioxide in the air, and this gets released when the biofuel is burned. Fossil fuel combustion puffs additional carbon into the air without ever taking any back.

The pressure-cooker method the researchers are studying bucks the trend in algae-to-fuel processing. The conventional technique involves cultivating special, oily types of algae, drying the algae and then extracting its oil.

The process this project employs allows researchers to start with less-oily types of algae. The process also eliminates the need to dry it, overcoming two major barriers to large-scale conversion of microalgae to liquid fuels.

“We make an algae soup,” Savage said. “We heat it to about 300 degrees and keep the water at high enough pressure to keep it liquid as opposed to steam. We cook it for 30 minutes to an hour and we get a crude bio-oil.”

The high temperature and pressure allows the algae to react with the water and break down. Not only does the native oil get released, but proteins and carbohydrates also decompose and add to the fuel yield.

“We’re trying to do what nature does when it creates oil, but we don’t want to wait millions of years,” Savage said.

“The hard part is taking the tar that comes out of the pressure cooker and turning it into something you could put in your car, changing the properties so it can flow more easily, and doing it in a way that’s affordable.”

Savage and his colleagues are taking a broad and deep look at this process. They are investigating ways to use catalysts to bump up the energy density of the resulting bio-oil, thin it into a flowing material and also clean it up. They are also working on growing in their experiments’ waste products E coli that they could use along with algae.



source: mumbaimirror